Tag: Science

Rat Dissection

Aim: I want to find out how to dissect a rat.

 

Research: 

     

Method:

Equipment

  • Rat
  • Gloves
  • Tray
  • Dissection scissors
  • Scalpel
  • Pins
  • News paper
  • Disinfectant

Instruction

  1.  Get your equipment ready and be safe.
  2. Lay the rat on the tray.
  3. Pin the rat on the tray through its “hands and feet”.
  4. Carefully cut the skin of the rat from the neck to the belly.
  5. When you cut the middle part of the rat try not to damage the flesh of it.
  6. Carefully take out the flesh.
  7. Put the flesh back into the rat
  8. Clean up the blood and other things you use to dissec the rat
  9. Take the tray and put it in the trash.
  10. Clean your hands.

 

Our work:

 

Discussion

Describe what you saw. I saw the organs of rat I saw the heart of it, lungs,liver,stomach,small intestines, and large intestines.

      1. does the heart do? Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the body and pumping it to the            lungs for oxygenation.

      2.What do the lungs do? The lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe.

     3.What does the liver do? The liver filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as alcohol and drug

     4.What does the stomach do? the stomach holds the food and mixes it with acid and enzymes that continue to break the food down into a liquid or paste.

5.What do the small intestines do? the small intestine is to break down food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of the unnecessary components.

 6.What do the large intestines do? the large intestine is to absorb water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food, and get rid of any waste products left over.

 

 

 Circulatory System – carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

Respiratory System – move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases. 

 

 

Part A – Digestive System 

1. What are the organs of the digestive system? the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are the solid organs of the digestive system.

2. What do they do?

Mouth: The digestive process starts in your mouth when you chew.

Esophagus – Esophagus is to transport food entering the mouth through the throat and into the stomach.

Stomach – An organ with strong muscular walls, the stomach holds the food and mixes it with acid and enzymes that continue to break the food down into a liquid or paste

small intestine – The small intestine is to break down food, absorb nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of the unnecessary components.

Large intestine – the large intestine helps in the final stages of digestion, water absorption, waste elimination, and plays a role in maintaining a healthy balance of gut bacteria, which can have a significant impact on overall health.

Anus – The Anus is the final part of the digestive system, anus is responsible for the voluntary expulsion of feces from the body and plays a vital role in maintaining continence by controlling the release of waste.

 

Part B

1. What are the organs of the circulatory system? Heart, blood vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood, lymphatic system.

Heart –

Blood vessels –

Arteries – 

Veins – 

Capillaries –

Blood – 

Lymphatic system – 

2. What are the names of the major blood vessels?

3. How does the circulatory system work/flow?

 

 

Whakapapa

Whakapapa/Ancestry
Q.  Where does your DNA come from? My DNA comes from my biological parents, who pass down their genetic information to me through reproduction. I believe that I have 25% Spanish and 75% Filipino blood, because my grandfather is pure Spanish, and my grandmother is a pure Filipino. And my father said that he was born in Madrid,Spain.
Where do Filipinos come from? Filipinos are descended from various ethnic groups and have a complex history of migration and intermixing. The indigenous people of the Philippines are believed to have migrated from various regions in Southeast Asia. Additionally, the Philippines has been influenced by Colonization and trade with other countries, including Spain, China, and the United States, which has also contributed to the diverse heritage of Filipinos.
The ancestors of the vast majority of the population were of Malay descent and came from the Southeast Asian mainland as well as from what is now Indonesia. Contemporary Filipino society consists of nearly 100 culturally and linguistically distinct ethnic groups.
What do I learn from this blog? I learn that we also need that we know where we came from, this also helps us identify what race we are like we can tract from the past if they are 100% Spanish, or 100% Maori. 
because some of the people are getting confused if they are really an Asian, It’s really good that we have a technology that can help us if we want to know what race we are.
Where does the Y chromosome come from?
The Y chromosome is believed to have originated from a common ancestor with the X chromosome around 300-200 million years ago. Over time, it has undergone changes and mutations, leading to the diversity of Y chromosomes seen in different populations today.

Genetic Monster & Cloning

Genetic Monsters
Q.  What are some of the “monsters” out there?

Philippine Mythical Creatures: TIKTIK by BunsArts on DeviantArtAswang is an umbrella term for various shape-shifting evil creatures in Filipino folklore, such as vampires, ghouls, witches, viscera suckers, and transforming human-beast hybrids (usually dogs, cats, pigs). The aswang is the subject of a wide variety of myths, stories, arts, and films, as it is well known throughout the Philippines. Spanish colonists noted that the aswang was the most feared among the mythical creatures of the Philippines, even in the 16th century. Although with no specific motive other than harming others, their behavior can be interpreted as an inversion of the traditional Filipino values. The aswang is especially popular in southern parts of Luzon, and some parts of Mindanao and Visayas, especially the Visayan province of Capiz.

Encyclopedia Mythologica - ManananggalThe manananggal is described as scary, often hideous, usually depicted as female, and always capable of severing its upper torso and sprouting huge bat-like wings to fly into the night in search of its victims. The word manananggal comes from the Tagalog word tanggal, which means “to remove” or “to separate”, which literally translates as “remover” or “separator”. In this case, “one who separates itself”. The name also originates from an expression used for a severed torso.

The manananggal is said to favor preying on sleeping, pregnant women, using an elongated proboscis-like tongue to suck the hearts of fetuses, or the blood of someone who is sleeping. It also haunts newlyweds or couples in love and sometimes a new born child. Due to being left at the altar, grooms-to-be are one of its main targets. The severed lower torso is left standing, and is the more vulnerable of the two halves. Sprinkling salt, smearing crushed garlic or ash on top of the standing torso is fatal to the creature. The upper torso then would not be able to rejoin itself and would perish by sunrise.

 

Cloning

Q.  What is cloning?Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Every single bit of their DNA is identical.

Clones can happen naturally—identical twins are just one of many examples. Or they can be made in the lab. Below, find out how natural identical twins are similar to and different from clones made through modern cloning technologies.

What should we clone? I think we should clone an animal that is going to be extinct, like a Rhinoceros in this way we can help them to repopulate and prevent them from extinction, the Rhinoceros left in the earth are 27,000.
The process of cloning. The process of cloning involves taking genetic material from a donor organism and creating an identical copy of it. This can be done through various methods such as somatic cell nuclear transfer or artificial embryo twinning. The cloned organism will have the same genetic makeup as the donor organism.
These are the Three types of cloning.
1. Reproductive cloning
Reproductive cloning is the process of creating an identical copy of an organism. It involves taking the genetic material from a donor organism and inserting it into an egg cell, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The resulting offspring will be genetically identical to the donor organism.
2. Therapeutic cloning
Therapeutic cloning, also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer, is a process that involves creating embryonic stem cells for medical purposes. It begins by taking an egg cell and removing its nucleus. Then, a somatic cell (such as a skin cell) from the patient is inserted into the enucleated egg, resulting in a cloned embryo. This embryo is then used to extract embryonic stem cells, which can be used for various therapeutic purposes, such as regenerative medicine and disease treatment.
3. Gene cloning
Gene cloning, also known as DNA cloning, is a technique used to create copies of a specific gene or DNA sequence. It involves isolating and amplifying the desired gene or DNA fragment, and then inserting it into a vector, such as a plasmid. The vector is then introduced into a host organism, such as bacteria, where it replicates and produces multiple copies of the desired gene. Gene cloning is commonly used in research, medicine, and biotechnology to study gene function, produce therapeutic proteins, and develop genetically modified organisms.
Somatic cells: cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells.
oocyte: Oocyte is an immature egg.
embroy: Embryo, the early development stage of an animal while it is in the egg or within the uterus of the mother.
DNA Fragment: The separation or breaking of DNA strands into pieces.
What should we NOT clone? We should not clone dangerous animals or plants that can harm us.
Should I clone an army? Yes in this way you can defend your country like if someone will invade your country the clones would be useful.
Should I clone my liver if I get sick? In my opinion maybe you should just in case you damage your liver.
Should I clone my kids in case they get sick?  Yes because if they die you can just replace them, but it’s not that good anymore because you know that they are just clones not your real child.
Should I clone a strawberry plant? Yes because the strawberry plant is delicious, cloning strawberry can also be beneficial by selling it.

Gel Electrophoresis

Aim:

I want to find out how to separate DNA fragments using Gel Electrophoresis.

Research:

Method:

Equipment

Instructions (From The University Of Canterbury)

How to use Pipette

1. Set volume of the pipette using the volume adjustment dial.                                                                                                                                                                                                             2. Fit a tip to the end of the shaft. Press down and twist slightly
to ensure an airtight seal. Avoid anything touching the tip                                               
and contaminating it.
3. Hold the pipette in a vertical position. Press the plunger to
the first stop. Air equal to the volume of the setting
(e.g. 10 μL) is displaced.
4. Immerse the tip into the liquid and gently release the
plunger. Wait one second for liquid to be sucked up into the
tip. The volume of liquid in the tip will equal the volume on
the display.
5. Place the tip at a small angle (10° to 45°) against the wall of
the receiving container. Press the plunger to the first stop,
wait one second then press the plunger to the second stop to
expel all of the liquid.
6. Move the end of the tip away from the liquid. Release the
plunge back to the rest position.
7. Discard the tip into a waste container using the tip ejector button.

Running the gel (From The University Of Canterbury)
1. Prepare the samples
Make up your samples to 20 μL by adding 10 μL distilled
water to each of the tubes using a micropipette.
Using a quick wrist flicking motion get all the liquid to the
bottom of the tube so that you can pipette it out.
2. Prepare your E-gel-EX
Take the gel out of the foil packaging.
Carefully remove the comb by lifting it from both sides
without bending it.
3. Load the gel
Pipette your samples and ladder into the desired wells; try
to avoid introducing bubbles into the wells.
Fill any empty wells with 20 μL of distilled water.
Write down which well you loaded each sample.
4. Run the gel
Place the gel on the grey iBase, right side first, sliding it
across and pressing on the left side.
Use programme 7 “Run E-Gel EX” programme (find this by
pressing Mode then the up arrow then press Go when you
are ready).
5. Watch progress
You can watch the progress of the gel using the Safe-Imager
and the orange screen: place the iBase on top of the SafeImager with the orange screen over the gel, then press the
red button on the Safe-Imager to turn on the light – your
DNA bands will light up.
6. View results and photograph
When the gels are finished (10 minutes), have a look at each
of them using the Safe-Imager, and take photos if desired.
The DNA will diffuse over time, so be sure to examine your
gels shortly after they finish running.

 

 

Results

 

 

 

 

Discussions

I learned that you need to take the experiment seriously and, study it well so in the future we know what to do. This experiment was good honestly, because this is my first time doing an experiment. I hope that we will do more experiments in the future I’m looking forward to it.

What is Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA, RNA and Proteins according to their size.

Charged molecules move through a gel when an electric current is passed across it.

And also Gel Electrophoresis is an electric current is applied across the gel so that one end of the gel has a positive charge and the other end has a negative charge.

 

 

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